Democracy as clientelism | www.EuroChicago.com - The Bulgarian Media Portal in Chicago
Lately a lot of talk about two Europes, the conversation went from the original topic of peripheral PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain) to turn into a discussion about the north and south of the EU, because it became clear that Italy and France are also potentially are facing huge debt and banking problems. All this is often presented as a contrast between hard workers Protestant disciplined Northern Europe nsw fishing licence (Germany, the Netherlands and Scandinavia), and lazy, dissolute, nsw fishing licence Catholic-Orthodox south. But the real divide is not cultural; actually it is a division between nsw fishing licence clientelist and neklientelistka Europe.
Clientelism occurs when political parties nsw fishing licence use public resources as a means of rewarding political supporters. Politicians offer no program of public policies and individual rewards such as workplace postal, personal intervention in favor of a relative, and sometimes the direct payment nsw fishing licence of money or gifts.
In my opinion clientelism must be distinguished from corruption at all as between politicians and voters here there is a correlation. In clientelist system A is a system of real accountability: Policies should give something back to their supporters, if he wishes to remain nsw fishing licence in power, even if it is a purely personal gain. True corruption is predatory - for example when a politician takes a bribe or commission that goes directly into a Swiss bank for personal gain only policy and his family. Distribution of public office and directing resources to their political supporters is something legally in many countries, while bribes are not. One of the great tragedies of the interminable Afghan war is the fact that the tribal system (tribalism), which is essentially clientelist, collapsed and was replaced with pure predation; return to clientelism here would be real progress.
Another way of understanding clientelism is that it represents an early form of democratic mobilization that is practiced almost everywhere in poor countries maintain regular elections. It is omnipresent in countries otherwise nsw fishing licence as different as India, Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, Kenya and Nigeria. Clientelism is not the product of a specific cultural trend or inability of politicians to understand how they are supposed to operate a modern political system. In fact, it is often the most effective way to mobilize nsw fishing licence and bring out the political site of action relatively poor and uneducated voters. Such voters often do not care little about the programs and policies, nsw fishing licence but the immediate personal benefits such as employment or the equivalent of roast turkey for New Year.
Germany, Scandinavia, Britain and the Netherlands have never been dominated by clientelistic parties, while Italy, Greece, Spain and Austria were. As pointed out by Martin Sheftar in his book Political Parties and the State (1993), the reason for this difference is the comparative timing of the consolidation of the modern Weberian bureaucratic state and the beginning of democracy. Countries like Prussia / Germany, France, Sweden and Japan, who have been engaged in a very acute military competition during his autocratic phases have managed to create modern, based on merit (meritocratic) bureaucracies. The autonomy of these bureaucracies was supported by an "absolutist coalition" that they advocated against popalznoveniyata political parties, when universal suffrage and political competition nsw fishing licence have become universally available. Political parties have been able to allocate resources to their group interests, not government jobs. This is the reason why all these countries still have relatively nsw fishing licence high public sector, among other things, managed to better control fiscal deficits.
In the United States, Italy and Greece, on the contrary, democracy has come before the consolidation of the modern state; without political coalition to protect bureaucratic autonomy and public sectors nsw fishing licence were ready for poaching by Democratic nsw fishing licence politicians who needed to distribute jobs to mobilize izbiratelskite tables. nsw fishing licence
This pattern persisted throughout the 20th century, and especially after the return of Greece to democracy in 1974 after the dictatorship of the colonels. The two main political parties, PASOK and ND are looking to reach power by allocating government jobs for his supporters. Powerful trade unions in the Greek public sector have managed to achieve a lifetime contracts for civil servants. This means that any shift from one party to the next, it is led to the dismissal of workers of other parties
Lately a lot of talk about two Europes, the conversation went from the original topic of peripheral PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain) to turn into a discussion about the north and south of the EU, because it became clear that Italy and France are also potentially are facing huge debt and banking problems. All this is often presented as a contrast between hard workers Protestant disciplined Northern Europe nsw fishing licence (Germany, the Netherlands and Scandinavia), and lazy, dissolute, nsw fishing licence Catholic-Orthodox south. But the real divide is not cultural; actually it is a division between nsw fishing licence clientelist and neklientelistka Europe.
Clientelism occurs when political parties nsw fishing licence use public resources as a means of rewarding political supporters. Politicians offer no program of public policies and individual rewards such as workplace postal, personal intervention in favor of a relative, and sometimes the direct payment nsw fishing licence of money or gifts.
In my opinion clientelism must be distinguished from corruption at all as between politicians and voters here there is a correlation. In clientelist system A is a system of real accountability: Policies should give something back to their supporters, if he wishes to remain nsw fishing licence in power, even if it is a purely personal gain. True corruption is predatory - for example when a politician takes a bribe or commission that goes directly into a Swiss bank for personal gain only policy and his family. Distribution of public office and directing resources to their political supporters is something legally in many countries, while bribes are not. One of the great tragedies of the interminable Afghan war is the fact that the tribal system (tribalism), which is essentially clientelist, collapsed and was replaced with pure predation; return to clientelism here would be real progress.
Another way of understanding clientelism is that it represents an early form of democratic mobilization that is practiced almost everywhere in poor countries maintain regular elections. It is omnipresent in countries otherwise nsw fishing licence as different as India, Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, Kenya and Nigeria. Clientelism is not the product of a specific cultural trend or inability of politicians to understand how they are supposed to operate a modern political system. In fact, it is often the most effective way to mobilize nsw fishing licence and bring out the political site of action relatively poor and uneducated voters. Such voters often do not care little about the programs and policies, nsw fishing licence but the immediate personal benefits such as employment or the equivalent of roast turkey for New Year.
Germany, Scandinavia, Britain and the Netherlands have never been dominated by clientelistic parties, while Italy, Greece, Spain and Austria were. As pointed out by Martin Sheftar in his book Political Parties and the State (1993), the reason for this difference is the comparative timing of the consolidation of the modern Weberian bureaucratic state and the beginning of democracy. Countries like Prussia / Germany, France, Sweden and Japan, who have been engaged in a very acute military competition during his autocratic phases have managed to create modern, based on merit (meritocratic) bureaucracies. The autonomy of these bureaucracies was supported by an "absolutist coalition" that they advocated against popalznoveniyata political parties, when universal suffrage and political competition nsw fishing licence have become universally available. Political parties have been able to allocate resources to their group interests, not government jobs. This is the reason why all these countries still have relatively nsw fishing licence high public sector, among other things, managed to better control fiscal deficits.
In the United States, Italy and Greece, on the contrary, democracy has come before the consolidation of the modern state; without political coalition to protect bureaucratic autonomy and public sectors nsw fishing licence were ready for poaching by Democratic nsw fishing licence politicians who needed to distribute jobs to mobilize izbiratelskite tables. nsw fishing licence
This pattern persisted throughout the 20th century, and especially after the return of Greece to democracy in 1974 after the dictatorship of the colonels. The two main political parties, PASOK and ND are looking to reach power by allocating government jobs for his supporters. Powerful trade unions in the Greek public sector have managed to achieve a lifetime contracts for civil servants. This means that any shift from one party to the next, it is led to the dismissal of workers of other parties
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